Medicine And Human Welfare Essay Example

Medication And Human Welfare Paper Maimonides (1135-1204), Jewish savant and doctor, conceived in Cordoba, Spain. He was otherwise called Rabbi Moses ben Maimon, or, from the initials of his name, Rambam. Following the catch of Cordoba in 1148 by the Almohads, who forced Islam on Christians and Jews the same, Maimonidess family chose to emigrate. Following quite a while of meandering they at long last settled in Cairo. There Maimonides in the end turned into the central rabbi of Cairo and doctor to Saladin, ruler of Egypt and Syria. The commitments of Maimonides to the Medicine and human government assistance. Compassionate guide is quite often political. Its administrations and associations with clear political plans who apportion most compassionate assets. A nearby glance at outside guide shows that the personal circumstance of the contributor instead of charitableness normally rouses such projects. The French coordinated financial guide, fundamentally to previous African settlements, for a considerable length of time so as to advance a Francophone people group. In the mean time, European guide projects to the Palestinians are an approach to practice a political job in a contention where the vast majority of the shots are called by the Americans. Remote AID is viewed as purchasing impact. We will compose a custom article test on Medicine And Human Welfare explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Medicine And Human Welfare explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Medicine And Human Welfare explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer While building up a reasonable association between financial reliance and political consistence is risky, such a connection is on the psyches of chiefs. Besides, choices on money related guide are not really founded on a careful similar examination of the separate needs of different hard-hit bunches far and wide. Help programs are just insignificantly identified with a target assessment of the financial circumstance of likely beneficiaries. Basically, it isn't the least fortunate that get the most cash. For instance, Palestinians get considerably bigger measures of cash per capita than do unquestionably increasingly down and out populaces in Africa the Sudan, for example. There are numerous nations whose populaces endure undeniably more than do the Palestinian Arabs on such key records as future and normal caloric admission. Thirdly, rendering budgetary guide fortifies the contributor political associations and states administering it. This is unequivocally why a few European states toy with sending cash straightforwardly to Mahmoud Abbas, speaking to the heroes, as opposed to Hamas, saw (for now) as the trouble makers. The way that Abbas led a degenerate and bumbling government appears to be immaterial. FOURTHLY, there is the CNN impact, which is liable for inspiring a huge bit of the compassionate guide gave. Catastrophes that pull in the consideration of the media for broadened periods are unavoidably seen as great apparatuses for open tact. Such catastrophes are promoted upon to declare liberal proposals of remote guide (not in every case completely conveyed) so as to improve national notorieties. The Palestinians, presently incompletely under monetary attack, have a reasonable enthusiasm for hyping that they face a helpful debacle. Its a method to beat political deterrents and accelerate postponed monetary commitments. Obviously, liberal gifts (normally from Western states) don't generally arrive at the expected beneficiaries. A few heads in the less-created world are smart at siphoning help away from the individuals who genuinely need it. Many top-positioning Palestinians have delighted in the products of the givers guilelessness. Additionally, in war-torn social orders it is the folks with the weapons who for the most part end up with the food supplies and different treats gave by good natured outsiders. Food and meds sent to the Palestinians will constantly wind up in the possession of the furnished state armies. PAVLOVIAN reaction of sending cash to social orders incapable to take care of their homes in business should along these lines be addressed. Maimonides, the incomparable Jewish researcher of the eleventh century, built up an away from of humanitarian acts. In his view, the most significant generous deed includes help guided at empowering the beneficiary to turn out to be monetarily free. His knowledge is approved by the historical backdrop of philanthropic guide in the previous century, which shows that outside financial guide is just on a par with the capacity of a beneficiaries economy and government to utilize it wisely and beneficially. Accordingly it isn't at all certain that sending more cash to the broken Palestinian economy will do any great. All things considered, a huge number of euros moved to the PA since the 1993 Oslo Accords have been wasted and abused. In reality, the Palestinian field gives a telling case of a completely broken government assistance establishment, UNRWA, whose expressed objective is to set the Palestinian outcasts making a course for confidence and reasonable human turn of events. The desire that UNRWA will enable the exiles to revamp their lives and quit living on good cause stays unfulfilled. Shockingly, as indicated by the associations own figures, the quantity of displaced people has developed, from several thousands of every 1948 to more than 4 million out of 2004. These numbers show a huge disappointment on part of UNRWA to transform the displaced people into confident people. We realize that government assistance can be addictive. On account of UNRWA, its exercises have made a multi-generational reliance. UNRWA has, truth be told, become the principle device for not unraveling the evacuee issue. UNRWA has subjected the government assistance of the individuals it should help the political needs of Israels foes by guaranteeing that the displaced people remain dependent on remote government assistance. In the last examination, compassionate guide ought to be apportioned wisely, while ensuring that it doesn't save neediness and reliance. Dependence can be treated in a few different ways. Without any weaning period is one methodology, and the Palestinians ought to be instigated to attempt it. REFRENCES GILBERT MURRAY, W. R. INGE, J. BURNET, SIR T. L. HEATH, D’ARCY W. THOMPSON, CHARLES SINGER, R. W. LIVINGSTON, A. TOYNBEE, A. E. ZIMMERN, PERCY GARDNER, SIR REGINALD BLOMFIELD

The Supremecy of faith the Supremecy of Reason :: essays research papers fc

The Supremacy of Faith, The Supremacy of Reason The historical backdrop of science has for quite some time been in strife with religion or  ¡Ã¢ §organized ignorance⠡â ¨ as Dr. David Starr Jordan brought in his book Science and Sciosophy. In this contention history would uncover that science consistently won. Now and again this triumph was succeeded at the expense and additionally enduring of the person who earth the nerve to introduce their finding to the world as court. Deterrents have been raised by men who thought the little they was aware of the works and methods of the Creator was all that there was to be known. In any case, this unfeeling reaction to the basic Christian Concepts gives lacking acknowledgment of the way that Science and Religion may work to a similar end yet take various courses. My all encompassing perspective on the issue of science and religion has changed in the course of recent weeks. I understand that there is a sure harmonization of science and religion that gives humankind the copious life built by Jesus Christ in the Gospel. This mixing of my ethnocentric strict convictions and the thinking of exact idea permitted a rehashing of perspective permitting my situation to be changed into something new. Which I accept would be a target to this taught investigation. The determination of this book Science and Religion Opposing perspectives permits the peruser to take a look at this contention from five territories. Incredible Historical Debates on Science and Religion, Are Science and Religion Compatible, How did the Universe Originate, How did Life Originate and Should Ethical Values Limit Scientific Research? For quickness we will cumber you with a skeletal adaptation of the content. The creator is exceptionally shrewd in introducing data to give a more profound comprehension of the material and leave away with an energy about the mind boggling nature of the issues discussed. The creator was mindful so as to make reference to Pitfalls to Avoid: „h Regarding one⠡â ¦s own feeling as being presence of mind and the most levelheaded position and the perspective of others as being just conclusion and normally off-base. „h To close one⠡â ¦s psyche to the assessment of others they can't help contradicting. Look to see as opposed to be comprehended. The writer stresses the accompanying typology to create fundamental perusing and thinking aptitudes: „h Evaluating Sources of Information „h Separating Fact From Opinion „h Identifying Stereotypes „h Recognizing Ethnocentrism Finally, the creator presents a perceived conclusion or hypothesis and permits the overall perspectives to talk clearly and enthusiastically regarding the matter. The Supremecy of confidence the Supremecy of Reason :: papers inquire about papers fc The Supremacy of Faith, The Supremacy of Reason The historical backdrop of science has for quite some time been in strife with religion or  ¡Ã¢ §organized ignorance⠡â ¨ as Dr. David Starr Jordan brought in his book Science and Sciosophy. In this contention history would uncover that science consistently won. Now and again this triumph was succeeded at the expense or potentially enduring of the person who earth the nerve to introduce their finding to the world as court. Checks have been raised by men who thought the little they was aware of the works and methods of the Creator was all that there was to be known. Nonetheless, this heartless reaction to the basic Christian Concepts gives insufficient acknowledgment of the way that Science and Religion may work to a similar end yet take various courses. My all encompassing perspective on the issue of science and religion has changed in the course of recent weeks. I understand that there is a sure harmonization of science and religion that gives mankind the rich life designed by Jesus Christ in the Gospel. This mixing of my ethnocentric strict convictions and the thinking of observational idea permitted a reevaluating of perspective permitting my situation to be changed into something new. Which I accept would be a target to this restrained investigation. The choice of this book Science and Religion Opposing perspectives permits the peruser to take a look at this contention from five territories. Incredible Historical Debates on Science and Religion, Are Science and Religion Compatible, How did the Universe Originate, How did Life Originate and Should Ethical Values Limit Scientific Research? For curtness we will cumber you with a skeletal rendition of the content. The creator is smart in introducing data to give a more profound comprehension of the material and leave away with an energy about the intricate idea of the issues discussed. The creator was mindful so as to make reference to Pitfalls to Avoid: „h Regarding one⠡â ¦s own sentiment as being good judgment and the most discerning position and the perspective of others as being just assessment and normally off-base. „h To close one⠡â ¦s psyche to the assessment of others they can't help contradicting. Look to see instead of to be comprehended. The writer underlines the accompanying typology to create fundamental perusing and thinking abilities: „h Evaluating Sources of Information „h Separating Fact From Opinion „h Identifying Stereotypes „h Recognizing Ethnocentrism In conclusion, the creator presents a perceived supposition or hypothesis and permits the overarching perspectives to talk evidently and energetically regarding the matter.

Political Ideology of the Whig Party

Political Ideology of the Whig Party The Whig Party was one of the ideological groups in the U.S. that was shaped during the Jacksonian time of popular government that was from the mid 1830s to the mid 1850s. The name Whig was picked out of appreciation for a gathering alluded to as American Whigs framed in 1776 to battle for the country’s freedom. Individuals who wore Whigs during that time apparently opposed any oppression and dictatorship.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Political Ideology of the Whig Party explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Political belief system of the Whig Party was to help the incomparability of Congress over that of administration in the United States. The gathering additionally centered around political belief systems that were focused on modernization and financial protectionism (Mueller 11) The Whigs, who were modernizers and supporters of President Jefferson’s majority rule government, saw President Andrew Jackson as a risk to the mo dernization of the monetary, social and political powers in the nation during that time. This parricular Party drew its political standards from the Jeffersonian vote based framework that for the most part fixated on national solidarity, concession, an equalization in system control and backing of the country’s transport arrange. The Whig party served to prevent the Jacksonian Democrats who bolstered the administration and political belief systems of President Jackson (Mueller 12). One of the organizers of the Party was Henry Clay who thought of the American framework, an idea that advances the fast industrialization and financial development of America during the Jacksonian period. The Whig party requested the government’s support with the goal that it could make a cutting edge economy that was advertise situated. This economy would see the aptitudes and ability of laborers being used more than their physical quality. Bank credit and bank administrations would check m ore than land possession or the responsibility for. The gathering tried to expand industrialization in the nation by proposing a business arranged cash flexibly that depended on the national bank and a program that would see the street organize confronting significant remodels and upgrades. Political Ideology of the Jacksonian Democrats The Jacksonian democrats were seen to be a political way of thinking of President Jackson and his democrat supporters who followed Jackson’s approaches after the period of President Jefferson’s vote based system. The term Jacksonian vote based system was gotten from President Jackson’s equivalent political arrangement that risen up out of the Jeffersonian vote based system that was for the most part described by a restraining infrastructure of the government.Advertising Looking for paper on history? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The political philosophy that underlined th e Jacksonian democrats was to help the administration and its official branch as opposed to help the Congress. The Jacksonian popular government additionally tried to widen the public’s cooperation in the government’s exercises by including American residents in casting a ballot and dynamic activities (Pearson 176). The Jacksonian vote based system was based on certain political rules that included showed fates where Americans were bound to settle and grow their control from the Atlantic to the Pacific district of America, extended testimonial where casting a ballot rights were stretched out to white men, banking where Jacksonian’s restricted the imposing business model the administration had on the national, bureaucratic and national bank, support where political supporters were set in delegated workplaces, exacting constructionism where Jacksonian democrats supported a government that had constrained forces and an economy that consolidated a hands off methodol ogy (Pearson 178). The strategies that were actualized by President Jackson depended on the political standards featured previously. These strategies saw the job of the national bank being ended in the U.S. also, there was an expanding of populace in the legislature. President Jackson likewise actualized arrangements that saw the nation growing its limits westbound and expelling the American Indian people group from the Southeastern pieces of the nation. These arrangements saw the president being marked as a despot and tyrant by the Republicans who came to shape the Whig Party (Pearson 178). Jacksonian Democracy Era The Jacksonian time started when President Jackson lost his presidential political decision in 1824 to Republican John Quincy Adams who was one of the authors of the Whig Party. During this time President Jackson utilized the Democratic Party to dispatch his battle offer for the 1828 races by concentrating on issues such property capabilities for officeholders where most U.S. workplaces chose state agents instead of delegated them. Jackson likewise centered around casting a ballot gives that emerged during the political races where rivals were engaged with slanderous attacks, overlooking the relevant issues that required their location. Another gathering framework was created to manage the high rivalry among presidential adversaries yet these new framework required a great deal of money related assets, individuals and associations to run the battles and guarantee that American residents casted a ballot in the decisions. Jacksonian Democrats trusted in the quality of the basic man and they did this by attempting to secure the American Constitution and guaranteeing that there was political majority rules system in the nation. The Jacksonians additionally supported for the individual freedom of white guys on testimonial and furthermore for the financial balance of the normal and low salary American resident (Johnson par.6). On entering political offic e, President Jackson ensured the substance of the U.S.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Political Ideology of the Whig Party explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Constitution in spite of the reality he was securing his administration. He for the most part supported for the opportunity of the states from any government laws that encroached on the privileges of the state’s residents. President Jackson guaranteed the structure of the constitution when he banished in the Congress an imperative interior improvement charge that would discredit government subsidizing for the structure of the Maysville Road found in Kentucky (Johnson par.2). President Jackson who was a firm adherent to the normal man utilized these issues to acquire votes that would see him making sure about the administration in 1828. His Jacksonian supporters included both rich and poor American residents, and individuals who rehearsed subjection and the individuals who requi red the abrogation of servitude. Jackson guaranteed his supporters financial opportunity just as guaranteeing that the normal American had a state on how the government’s undertakings would be performed. Such arrangements saw an expansion of regard and strengthening of the regular man in the United States. The Jacksonian vote based system for the most part focused on the administration as opposed to the congress, an idea that saw President Jackson using the Union to haggle for exchange concurrences with Britain and France. The vote based system under President Jackson likewise centered around the invalidation of government laws that were utilized to administer the states by suggesting that each state have its own laws and rights for its residents without summoning the utilization of the Civil Union. President Jackson additionally pushed for the unification of the Northern and Southern pieces of America to shape one state so residents could move starting with one area then ont o the next with no type of block or deterrent. The Jacksonian popular government additionally observed the decrease of high taxes that had been forced on imported merchandise by the Jeffersonian majority rule government to a lower rate. President Jackson brought down the tax rate for South Carolina who had required an invalidation of the tax rates. The activities showed that he remained by the government specialists that had been laid out in the constitution that prevented administrative states from attesting whichever rights had not been endorsed (Johnson par.2). An eminent accomplishment of the Jacksonian vote based system was the two party framework where the requirements of the normal man could be met and their sentiments contribution to government arrangements that were created to serve the enthusiasm of the normal American resident. This framework was likewise ideal as each gathering needed to seek open help by addressing their requirements and sentiments. The Jacksonian time supposedly was the introduction of the cutting edge Democratic Party in the United States. The Jacksonian time additionally secured the individual freedoms of the normal white male who had a qualification to a place of intensity and authority in the government.Advertising Searching for exposition on history? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Jacksonian democrats were additionally watchmen of monetary uniformity among American residents. At the point when President Jackson disposed of the national and national banks, he did so on the grounds that he thought these banks profited the rich classes in the American culture (Johnson par.5). Dispensing with the government and focal/national banks in America during that time saw financial balance among normal American residents and the lower class residents as the monetary benefits detracted from the well off class were allotted to these residents. This time of monetary equity and steadiness saw a diminishing in destitution levels just as a steady economy in America during the 1820s and 1830s. Johnson, Cory. Blemishes of Jacksonian majority rules system. 12 August 2008. Web. Mueller, Henry R. The Whig party in Pennsylvania. New York: Read Books, 2009. Pearson, Charles, M. A background marked by American political speculations. New Jersey, US: Transaction Publishers, 2008. Print.

Deans QA Lori Rosenkopf of Wharton

Deans QA: Lori Rosenkopf of Wharton by: Alison Damast on June 28, 2014 | 0 Comments Comments 1,786 Views June 28, 2014Lori Rosenkopf of The Wharton SchoolAfter a decade of teaching Management 101, one of the flagship undergraduate classes at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School, Lori Rosenkopf has had plenty of time to familiarize herself with the ins and outs of the school. That has helped her get off to a running start in her first year as vice dean and director of Wharton’s undergraduate program, a role she assumed in July of 2013.An engineer by training with a strong interest in social networks and technology, Rosenkopf brings a unique perspective to Wharton’s four-year undergraduate business school, where she oversees about 1,700 students.   The school is among the top ten business schools in the country, currently ranking fifth in Bloomberg Businessweek’s 2014 undergraduate business school ranking.â€Å"For me, this mix of coming f rom a technically-oriented engineering field with a layer of business management added in gives me a nice mix of approaches,† she said. â€Å"That helps me in this role because we have students with such a wide range of interests, and we want to create programs and opportunities that appeal to them.†Rosenkopf and her team appear to be succeeding so far. Wharton undergraduates can choose from one of 20 concentrations while they’re at the school, studying in-depth topics such as environmental policy and management social impact and responsibility. They also have the opportunity to do dual-degree programs between the Wharton School and the other colleges on campus, an increasingly popular option for many students, Rosenkopf said.Next year, Rosenkopf is putting her own stamp on the undergraduate program, launching a course she’s developed that will expose a group of undergraduate students to technology companies and Silicon Valley, culminating in a trip to the West Coast and a visit to Wharton’s San Francisco campus.PoetsQuants’ Alison Damast recently spoke with Rosenkopf in a wide-ranging interview about her new role, what she thinks Wharton’s strengths are and future plans for the program.What appealed to you about taking on this new role at the school?I’ve always loved teaching undergraduates in my time here, and interestingly before I came into this role I was teaching one of the core courses, Management 101. In some way I was already talking to people about running an organization and thinking about how to do it. It is nice for me to have the opportunity now to be practicing skills and working with people in my organization internally as well as helping our division make connections across the university. Penn is a very multi-disciplinary place, and one of the strengths of the program is helping students to think in multi-disciplinary ways. The more we are connecting across the university and even across areas in the school, the more students can create interesting conversations that allow them to attack business problems in new ways.There has been an explosion in undergraduate business education in the last few years. What do you think are some of the reasons for it?I think that undergraduate business education, at least the way we do it here at Wharton, is really giving students a mix of broad liberal arts exposure and some deep concentration in particular aspects of business. What people are realizing is that the set of skills you accumulate in business schools, both qualitative and quantitative, are skills that you can bring to any organizational setting, be it a traditional business or the not-for-profit sphere or any other opportunity where you can imagine students are looking to contribute to society. So business school skills are useful in traditional business and beyond.I do think that demand is really growing at a higher rate at this point. Certainly if we look at our own trends in terms of just pure applications over the last decade, we’ve seen an almost continuous rise, with the exception of the economic crisis of 2008. For a couple of years we saw a small dip but by 2011 we were back at record highs. For the current application cycle right now, we’ve had a 13 percent increase in applications. So there really is a pretty dramatic leap. I think it represents this understanding more generally that business translates through many spheres. You are seeing interesting stories in society about people contributing, innovating and making changes that affect peoples’ lives around the globe, You are seeing that across the board, and I think students are responding to that. Page 1 of 212 »

Counterfactual Thinking and Experiences of Regret

Counterfactual thinking and experiences of regret Introduction Counterfactual thinking is the cognitive process in which individuals can simulate alternative realities, to think about how things could have turned out differently, with statements such as ‘what if’ and ‘if only’. Counterfactuals can be either upward, in which alternative realities are improved, or downward, in which alternative realities are worsened. Reflecting on previous outcomes can make individuals experience regret and this review will focus on the effects of counterfactual thinking and feelings of regret, which has been referred to as a ‘counterfactual emotion’. Opportunities and regret Roese amp; Summerville (2005) put forward the idea that regret is based†¦show more content†¦Pierro, Leder, Mannetti, Higgins, Kruglanski, amp; Aiello (2008) investigated the effects of assessment and locomotion modes on engaging in counterfactual thinking and experiencing post-decisional regret. They predicted that people with a higher assessment mode would generate more counterfactuals and experience more regret as assessment requires critical evaluation and generating comparisons, they also predicted that people with a higher locomotion mode would generate less counterfactuals as locomotion suggests an individual is less likely to pay attention to attention and more likely to focus on moving from state to state without interruption. To test these hypotheses participants were asked in two studies to imagine purchasing something but it has a negative outcome and in another study they were asked to recall a time when they purchased something and it had a negative outcome, re gret was measured in each study. The results showed that participants rated higher in the assessment mode generated more counterfactuals after a negative outcome and experienced more regret, while participants rated higher in the locomotion mode generated less counterfactuals and experienced less regret. Summerville (2011) took a step further by incorporating the functional theoryShow MoreRelatedCounterfactual Thinking1966 Words   |  8 PagesCounterfactual Thinking _When and how do children experience regret?_ _Major Research Essay: Psyc241_ _Student number: 4075274_ _School: University of Wollongong_ _Word count: 1506_ The experience of regret arguably relies on a multifaceted, counterfactual analysis of two previously possible outcomes. An important question to consider is at what age these counterfactual emotions develop, and what enables these responses to occur. Previous research proposes that regret emerges at around 4 yearsRead MoreCognizance And Psychological States : Disposition On Counterfactual Envy1481 Words   |  6 PagesCognizance and Psychological States: Disposition on Counterfactual Envy Yvans Bobo Florida International University (FIU) Cognizance and Psychological States: Disposition on Counterfactual Envy An individual who is cognizant are capable of determining one’s psychological states exuded during any particular circumstance. Adults who augment such necessary cordial competencies will discern, elucidate, and justify such psychological states occurring internally and in others. ComprehensionRead MoreCounterfactual Thinking : A Look At Past Events1526 Words   |  7 PagesCounterfactual Thinking: A Look at Past Events In our everyday life, we are presented with plenty of circumstances demanding our response. Sometimes, we are the ones taking action and other times we become the judges of other people’s actions. A natural reaction after an event concluded is to think back with alternatives in order to imagine different outcomes. This usually happens because we dislike the results and now, without pressure, we can think of better options. The tendency of creatingRead MoreEssay about Social-Psychological Principles of the Movie Unforgiven1333 Words   |  6 Pagesentertained, and not to psychologically analyze them. There are many different principles that would be applicable to the film we are discussing however, I have chosen to analyze three scenes discussing altruism, self-fulfilling prophecy, and counterfactual thinking. Please review the following scenes and analysis from the movie Unforgiven: Scene * The first scene is the opening scene when a man was upstairs in the saloon/brothel with a prostitute – Delilah, who did not want to have sex with theRead MoreImaginative Thinking : The Real World And True Living1932 Words   |  8 Pages Imaginative Thinking: How it Leads to Authentic and Effective Living Oprah Winfrey stated that â€Å"to be present is to be fully alive. And there is no true life without presence.† While this can be arguably true, it can also be proven wrong. There are different perspectives on what is considered to be the real world and â€Å"true living†. One must ask, what does it mean to be living in the present? Does it mean to be fully engaged in the current moment or doing what brings happiness? There are differentRead MoreAre Entrepreneurs Born or Made? Critically Discuss Essay1823 Words   |  8 Pagesdecisions, they can know what business deeds best suited them. Since creativity is constructed by the two complementary and inextricable parameters mentioned above (McMullan, 1976; Garavan and O’Cinneide, 1994): with possession of both â€Å"CONCRETE EXPERIENCE (application of knowledge in entrepreneurial situations) AND â€Å"ABSTRACT CONCEPTUALIZATION† (theoretical knowledge) (Garavan, T. and O’Cinneide, B., 1994); deservedly, one’s creativity crucial for opportunity recognition (Shane, 2000), is likely toRead MoreCritically Evaluate the Role Psychological Theories Play in Our Understanding of Entrepreneurship2474 Words   |  10 Pagesand with his technical skills and creative abilities he was able to produce a successful product to fill the gap. One personality driver of entrepreneurial behaviour is openness to experience; this trait has been the focus of much research on entrepreneurs. Those that possess this trait have a curiosity for experiences, in which they can pursue their ideas creatively. Those individuals that score high in openness are motivated to seek new opportunities and engage heavily in self-examination, to encourageRead MoreDecision Theory: a Brief Introduction28334 Words   |  114 Pages......................37 6.2 Appraisal of Bayesianism ............................................................40 7. Variations of expected utility ...................................................................45 7.1 Process utilities and regret theory ................................................45 2 7.2 Prospect theory.............................................................................47 8. Decision-making under uncertainty ...........................................Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDifferences 599 †¢ Cultural Differences 600 †¢ Consequences of Stress 601 †¢ Managing Stress 602 Summary and Implications for Managers 606 S A S A L L Self-Assessment Library How Well Do I Respond to Turbulent Change? 578 Myth or Science? â€Å"Men Experience More Job Stress Than Women† 596 Self-Assessment Library How Stressful Is My Life? 600 An Ethical Choice Responsibly Managing Your Own Stress 601 glOBalization! Work–Family Stress in Different Cultures 604 Point/Counterpoint Responsible ManagersRead MoreGame Theory and Economic Analyst83847 Words   |  336 Pagesframework of complete information. A third point of view on the relations between game theory and economic theory would modify matters further. The publication of Nash’s profoundly innovative articles in the early 1950s quickly refreshed the thinking of those few economists who had been seduced by game theory, and thereafter they directed their energies towards retrospective reconstructions. Shubik rediscovered in Cournot’s work the premises of Nash’s concept of equilibrium (Shubik 1955).

The Supernatural World Of Macbeth - 1103 Words

The Elizabethan Era was composed of bright new ideas and a modern way of thinking. This was the age of the Renaissance and it was directly responsible for phenomenal inventions of science and astounding innovation. Although this era brought a significant increase in the knowledge about science, technology,and drama it also brought severe pain to the world. Since knowledge was increasing and information was spreading quickly the people of the Elizabethan Era were led to a renewed interest to the supernatural world. The idea that the world was full of witches, ghosts, and spells began to stain the country. The hysteria and paranoia regarding witches and spells caused uncontrollable excitement for the people in the 15th century. Following superstitions and indulging in mystical magic was habitual; darkness was taking over. Slowly, but surely the malicious, foul, and unholy world was raiding the souls and minds of the people in the 15th century. The supernatural world in Macbeth was represented through three evil immoral and foul women. These three women had immense powers that could tell the weather and most importantly tell the future. There vast powers were uncontrollable and their predictions only spoke half the truth. We are first introduced to the haggard old women in Act 1 Scene 1, when they are in midst of the â€Å"filthy air†. This scene sets a very murky and dim atmosphere which displays the evil character of the witches quite thoroughly. In the first scene the weirdShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth - The Natural And Supernatural World1313 Words   |  6 PagesDunn AP Literature 12/3/15 To be or not to be? That is the Question of Macbeth The idea that not everything is quite what it seems is not a new one, and has been explored even long before the time of William Shakespeare; however, the playwright whose name has remained the talk of dinner tables worldwide, did an exceptional job of weighing the plurality of the different forms of the natural world. In the Scottish play, Macbeth, Shakespeare both entertains his audience, and poses questions as to whatRead MoreNatural vs. Unnatural in Shakespeare ´s Macbeth Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesNatural vs. Unnatural The term supernatural was first used in 1520-30 AD. The definition of supernatural is â€Å"that which is not subject to the laws of physics, or more figuratively, that which is said to exist above and beyond nature† (â€Å"Supernatural†). The term supernatural, or unnatural, refers to paranormal, religions, and magic. Macbeth was written in 1606 and contains many of the unnatural elements listed above. In Macbeth, the supernatural plays a huge part in the play. The play is more focusedRead MoreThe Supernatural Evil Within Lady Macbeth in Shakespeare’s Macbeth1561 Words   |  6 Pagesgenders. With this in mind, Shakespeare’s Macbeth heightens the supernatural evil possessing Lady Macbeth as she condones murder for her own selfish ambition, while in Shakespeare’s time women were regarded as peaceful and full of feminine sympathies. This anachronism with the reality of Shakespeare’s day, illustrates the immense sense of wickedness and abnorma lity emphasizing her character’s influence on her husband and the plot of the play. In contrast, Macbeth appears to some extent a more acceptableRead MoreThe Supernatural in Macbeth874 Words   |  4 PagesThe Supernatural in Macbeth The supernatural contributes significantly to the story in the thrilling play Macbeth, written by Shakespeare. The paranormal signs and powers show considerable overlap with insanity in the case of several characters throughout the play. The superhuman agents that appear or contacted in the play are used for evil purposes in almost all the cases, and are predominantly resulting in the death of a human being. First of all, the three witches are using supernatural powersRead MoreShakespeares Use of the Supernatural in Macbeth Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeares Use of the Supernatural in Macbeth When Shakespeare wrote Macbeth in the early 1600s the King of England was James I. James was king of Scotland too. He ruled in Scotland before coming king in England in 1603 as well. James was supposed to have descended from the real Banquo. Some people often think that Shakespeare wanted to flatter James I by writing this play by showing James that he was nothing like Macbeth. In Shakespeares play Macbeth it has been discoveredRead MoreThemes in Macbeth742 Words   |  3 PagesWithin Shakespeare s famous Macbeth there are many different themes that make the play the captivating masterpiece that it is. The role of the supernatural is a very important element of Shakespeare s Macbeth. Just as important, the theme of masculinity is very dominant. Both themes contribute to the play s unique and powerful nature, overall creating a very effective storyline, strong characters, and unexpected twists and turns throughout. In the time of William Shakespeare thereRead MoreImportance Of Shakespeare s Macbeth 1519 Words   |  7 Pages Importance of the Witches in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Throughout all of history, witches are known for practicing magic and creating prophecies to predict any future. In any scene involving witches, it is important to know their role in the play, whether they change the outcome of the play or simply influenced it, and the supernatural features the play comes along with in its time. In No Fear Shakespeare Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the play starts out withRead MoreRole of Supernatural in Shakespeares a Midsummer Nights Dream1547 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeares Use of the Supernatural (Penn State University, English 444.2: Spring 1998) by Fred Coppersmith Near the end of the opening scene of Macbeth, Shakespeares three Weird Sisters proclaim in unison that fair is foul, and foul is fair, providing us, as readers, with perhaps the best understanding of the plays theme and the tragic downfall of its central character. That this revelation -- this pronouncement that all is not well in Scotland -- comes from a supernatural or otherworldly sourceRead MoreThe Role of the Supernatural in the Play Macbeth Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of the Supernatural in the Play Macbeth ‘Fair is foul and foul is fair’ such a well-known line from the play Macbeth, with such power behind the words. I have reason to believe that the role of the supernatural plays a very important part in Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, we can say that the supernatural occurs 4 times throughout the play that we can call supernatural because they are physically unnatural things to be seen, e.g. the appearance of Banquo’s ghostRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1497 Words   |  6 Pagesthe tragedy, Macbeth; a tale of systematic suffering, which foreshadows and imminently leads to the death of a great man. Essentially, it is Macbeth’s flaw – his growing ambition – which leads to these harsh repercussions. Shakespeare demonstrates his tragedy, through Aristotle’s elements and definition of tragedy, which ultimately concerns the reversal of good fortune to bad. In â€Å"Macbeth†, ambition conspires with supernatural forces to commit evil deeds and the themes of the supernatural, evil and

Allocated Between Fiduciary And Beneficiary -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Allocated Between Fiduciary And Beneficiary? Answer: Introducation As held in the section 6 of the ITAA 1936 income from personal exertion includes the income that is generated from the personal exertion[1]. This represents the income that originates from the earnings, salaries and wages, fees, bonus etc. that is received in capacity to the employee in respect of the services rendered. An amount that is generated from the personal exertion might be included in the assessable income in the form of statutory income or ordinary income. An instance of remuneration has been provided in the case of Dean v FCT (1997) where retention payment made in considerations of the employees will be considered as assessable income[2]. Rent refers to the price that is paid to make use of the another persons property such as the land, building, equipment would be held assessable. As held in Adelaide Fruit and Produce Exchange Co Ltd (1932) 2 ATD 1 rent money that is received would be considered as the assessable income. Spending that is occurred in letting out the property would be considered as allowable expenditure. According to the interpretative decision of ATO ID 2002/644 the prize is not regarded as the ordinary or statutory revenue and hence it would not be considered as the reckonable earnings under either of the section 6-5 or section 6-10 of the ITAA 1997[3]. Instead, it is measured as the non-taxable bonus gain. The court has considered that the prize or gift will be considered as the ordinary income in capacity of the decision held in Squatting Investment Co Ltd v FCT (1953). Usually, a gift or reward is considered as the individual bonus and it is not regarded as the ordinary revenue given the taxpayer has received the reward or gift in respect of the revenue generating making activity of the taxpayer. Mere prizes are not an income however it may be a income if there is an adequate connection with the taxpayers income generating activities. As held in Kelly v FCT the amount received by professional footballer for best player is an income since it is incidental to his work. The character of an article will be regarded as the revenue and must be arbitrated under the conditions of its origin by the taxpayer and devoid of such character it may been derived by alternative individual[4]. As held in the case of Federal Coke Co Pty Ltd v FCT (1977) the character of the proceeds must be arbitrated under the conditions of the derivation by the taxpayer. Payments that are received for relinquishing or restricting rights cannot be considered as income. For example, a payment received by taxpayer for agreeing not do something does not constitute an assessable income. Similarly, the judgement held in the case of Higgs v Olivier (1951), states that the payment received by the actor for not producing, directing or acting in another film for a period of 18 months cannot be regarded as income[5]. According to the taxation ruling of TR 98/9, self-education expenditure is generally considered to be deductible expenditure where it is occurred to maintain or increase the taxpayers skills in the occupation in which the taxpayer is presently employed[6]. According to the judgement stated in the case of FCT v Highfield (1982) the judgement of the court stated that the expenditure incurred by the taxpayer was for carrying on his business and the objective of undergoing the degree was to make use of the knowledge obtained by the taxpayer in advancing his practice. According to section, 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 cost that is incurred by the taxpayer in acquiring the ordinary items of the clothing such as suit is not considered allowable deduction. As held in the case of Mansfield v FCT (1996) the judgment of the court allowed the flight attendant to claim an allowable deduction for the cost of shoes since it was a compulsory uniform. According to the legislative response of section 25-100 of the ITAA 1997 deductions is allowable for the cost of travel between workplace. Travel should be related directly between the place of work and income generating place and none of the place should be taxpayers home [7]. The court of law in FCT v Payne (2001) ATC 4027 denied the taxpayer allowable deductions for the cost incurred from the place of home and place of employment. Travelling between two unconnected places of work cannot be considered allowable under section 8-1. Application: As evident from the case study, Bridget received income from her employment with both part-time and full time employments. Therefore, these income forms the part of personal exertion income since it is generated in respected of services rendered by Bridget. Citing the reference of Dean v FCT (1997) Bridget income from personal exertion would be assessable in respect of section 6 of the ITAA 1936 [8]. The evidences from the case study suggest that the rental income of $30,000 received in the income year of 2016/17 will be considered as the assessable and would be included in the assessable income. However, Bridget also reported that she had incurred an allowable deductions relating to the rental property. This is because under section 8-1 the expenses on rental property was related in deriving her assessable income and would be considered allowable deductions. Bridget received a cash prize of $3000 that is regarded as the ordinary or statutory pay and therefore it is not considered as taxable income under section 6-5 or Section 6-10 of the act [9]. This is because the cash prize is observed as the bonus gain and cannot be regarded as ordinary gain since it is not related to the revenue making activity of Bridget. In the present case of Bridget, it is noticed that she received a payment consideration of $30,000 from the TV station for appearing in the cooking show and had additionally received a new cake-mixing equipment having valued $10,000. Therefore, the amount of payment considerations that is received by Bridget will be included in the chargeable pay in respect of the section 6-5 of the act[10]. In the later instances of the case study, it is found that Bridget received a sum of $20,000 with the TV station for agreeing not to appear on any similar TV cooking shows for two years period would not be regarded as income. Similarly, in reference to the judgement stated in the case of Higgs v Olivier (1951) the payments that is received by Bridget is for relinquishing the right of not appearing in any identical cooking shows. Additionally, the legal expenses will not allowable since it is not related to Bridget income producing activity. Bridget incurred a self-education expenditure with the hope of obtaining promotion in the division of accounting firm. The self-education expenditure that is incurred by Bridget was entirely deductible. The expenses were occurred for increasing the skills with the prospect of gaining promotion where she is presently working. Citing the case of FCT v Highfield (1982), Bridget will be able to entitlement for a permissible deductions under section 8-1 of the act. Bridget reported that she received a cash award for being the best accountant in Sydney. With reference to Kelly v FCT, the award is an income for Bridget since it is related to her work and related to her exercise of skill [11]. Bridget reported an expenditure on contemporary suits and it can be said the she will not be allowed to claim deductions on the ordinary articles of apparel nevertheless that such expenses was necessary in ensuring a appropriate appearance in a job or profession. According to the decision in the case of Morris v FCT 2002, deductions can be allowable if the taxpayer occupations compulsorily requires using occupation specific clothing[12]. Bridget incurred expenditure on airfares and accommodations for attending a job interview in Melbourne accounting firm. Agreeing with section 25-100 the expenses incurred by Bridget is not directly related to the place of work. Referring to FCT v Payne (2001) Bridget will be denied deductions for the cost incurred between two unconnected places of work section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. Conclusion: Conclusively Bridget income from salaries, rental income, cash award and payment considerations would be considered assessable under section 6-5 whereas she will be entitled to deductions relating to self-education and rental property expenses under section 8-1 for education expenses. Reference List: Robinson, L., Savor, P. and Sikes, S., Value Relevance of Income Tax Expense Post FIN 48 2017. Brasington, D.M., Passing school building tax levies may increase teacher salary.Economics Letters 2017.. May, M., Briefing Paper SMART (Save Money and Reduce Tax) Pensions in the UK: Salary Sacrifice and Auto-Enrolment Margaret May January 2015.. Palazuelos, D. and Dhillon, R., Addressing the global health tax and wild cards: practical challenges to building academic careers in global health.Academic Medicine,91(1), p.30 2016. Prabhu-Verlekar, P. and Reddy, Y.V. Section 5A of Income Tax Act 1961 with reference to Goan salaried tax payers 2018. Gideon, M. Do Individuals Perceive Income Tax Rates Correctly?.Public Finance Review,45(1), pp.97-117 2017. Shakow, D.J. A Wealth Tax: Taxing the Estates of the Living.BCL Rev.,57, p.947 2016. Braithwaite, V. ed.,Taxing democracy: Understanding tax avoidance and evasion. Routledge 2017. Rogers, J. and Philippe, C., The tax burden of typical workers in the EU 27.Brussels: New Direction.[online] Retrieved,17, p.2014. Feng, J., The effect of superannuation tax incentives on salary sacrifice participation.Economic Record,90(s1), pp.59-73 2014. Xynas, L., Blissenden, M., Villios, S. and Kenny, P., Allowable deductions, cost base of CGT assets and the GAAR: a minefiled for taxpayers and their advisers.Australian Tax Law Bulletin,1(5), pp.94-98 2014. Nossaman, W.L. and Wyatt Jr, J.L., Income Taxation of Estates and Trusts: Deductions Which Must be Allocated between Fiduciary and Beneficiary.TRUST ADMINISTRATION AND TAXATION,2 2016..

The Victorian Man Essay Example For Students

The Victorian Man Essay Before publishing Far from the Madding Crowd in 1874, Thomas Hardys novels were known, by readers at the time, to be rather vulgar because of their concentration on country folk and not members of high society. This was an unusual choice for an author at the time, whilst other classics by Jane Austen and the Bronte sisters focused their attentions to tales of the aristocracy. Hardys many Biblical and Romantic allusions added a new dimension to the novel, and his often profound comments show there is more to this tale than just a simple love story. In Victorian England, farm workers were seen to be poor people who accumulated large families and were generally less presentable in appearance and often had a lower standard of living. However, Hardy attempted to alter feelings of city folk towards the countryside and its rustics by writing his pastoral tragedy with an aim to help educate the literate people of the city. We will write a custom essay on The Victorian Man specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The novel is an authentic depiction of people living in rural society during the nineteenth century. Each of the main characters represents the different personalities that existed in the social climate at the time. The story takes place in a rustic part of England in the late Victorian period and follows three suitors in pursuit of the female character whom, they feel, would be their ideal wife. The lady at the centre of attention in the village is Bathsheba Everdene. Being a wealthy, independent young lady, she is highly sought after. She is the protagonist, propelling the plot through her interaction with her various suitors. At the beginning of the novel she is a penniless young lady but she quickly inherits and learns to run a farm, from her uncle, in Weatherbury, where most of the novel takes place. The three suitors are William Boldwood, a middle-aged man of a serious and dignified character, Gabriel Oak, a humble and honest farmer, shepherd and bailiff, and Sergeant Francis Troy, the novels antagonist, an intelligent young man whose gambling addiction and impulsive behaviour thwart his determination to achieve his goals. Hardys love for the countryside is obvious in his novel, with the main characters either owning or managing a farm, except Troy. Hardy loved the culture of the town, the plays, the art galleries, and the music. Hardy disliked Londons contempt for the country lifestyle as well as those who sought change and modernisation. Rustics in the novel are attributed with honesty and integrity whilst outsiders with no feelings are displayed as insensitive, destructive and inhumane. Hardys novels were even considered to be dull, mainly because they were focused on the countryside. In Far from the Madding Crowd, Hardy therefore aims to alter the perspective that people had of the countryside. Gabriel Oak, one of the three suitors, is a man who is portrayed to be close to nature. His character is similar to Hardy himself who was born in rural Dorset, which has much natural beauty, and was also close to nature. The title itself also suggests that Bathsheba and her suitor would, ideally, like to move away from the lively, mad atmosphere of the town, Madding (meaning madly) Crowd. A further influence on Hardys novel was his own experience with the class system. Hardys family were working-class folk and were involved in masonry. This is reflected in Far from the Madding Crowd by displays of affectionate admiration for farm workers and rustics. In the 1870s society was still dissected into a class system, since the important rise in factory work and industrialisation. This was due to the industrial revolution occurring in Britain from 1820s to 1900s. The novel displays these clear hierarchies with the community but shows impartiality to all. .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d , .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d .postImageUrl , .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d , .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d:hover , .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d:visited , .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d:active { border:0!important; } .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d:active , .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u708a30f1368f77ccbd90bafec152b92d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hemingway, In The Old Man And The Sea , Examines The Struggles Of Man EssayThe novel could be seen as simply a love story, which could be why it was a best-seller, as many people enjoy the thrills, betrayal and drama of romantic love stories. Hardy shows how marriage should not be disguised as a way of showing that you love someone, but that people need devotion, commitment and different atmospheres within the household to be satisfied with married life. The subject of feminism arises once Bathsheba receives a proposal of marriage from Boldwood. She shows that she has a strong mentality, and is not intimated into tamely accepting his proposal, attributes which were possess ed by Hardys own mother. Her independent status allows her to enforce her own decisions without the consideration of another persons viewpoint. This enables her to effectively choose her husband. Bathsheba shows that she has control of her life, and that she will not be forced to make decisions by any one person and so refuses Boldwoods proposal, realising that he could not give her the life she would like. Bathsheba feels Boldwood would work, and the income would not be spent enjoying themselves, and she does not want to be classed as a housewife. In the current social climate, over the years more and more women are working more and retiring later, with a factor being that women are fitter and they do not like the idea of being housewives.

After the First Death Analytical essay essays

After the First Death Analytical essay essays In the novel, After the first Death, it exposes the consequences of guilt and betrayal quite a few times throughout the story. The consequences of guilt and betrayal vary from small, to quite large and serious matters in this novel, the more serious matters towards the end of the novel, where it results in a lot of people being killed due to these elements. A serious experience in the novel that shows acts of betrayal, to not only the person himself, but also to his companions and country. The first act of betrayal takes place in chapter eleven, during the scene where the military are preparing an assault on the bridge and bus, and the terrorists have got General Marchands son, Ben, in integration. During the integration scene, where Ben Marchand gets tortured by Artkin, the terrorist leader of the operation, and is forced to tell him all of the information about the militaries operations and tactics they plan on implementing. To Ben, telling this information, even though it is false information that his father lied to him about, Ben thinks that he has betrayed not only himself, but his father, General Marchand, his family, the people on the bus, and most of all, his beloved country. Another act of betrayal also takes place in this same chapter, eleven, when the military finally decide to attack and storm the bridge from above, assaulting from helicopters, and from the sides of the bridge. Deciding that they have to bail from the operation, Miro and Artkin decide to escape, so they can live on to carry out other operations. Miro grabs Kate, the bus driver, by the arm and drags her out of the bus, while Artkin grabs Ben from the van and drags him out onto the bridge as well. Once they our out of the vehicles and onto the bridge, the noise from the guns firing, grenades going off and the helicopter make verbal communication very difficult for Miro and Artkin, and Miro notices the soldiers that are closing in fast on them, a ...

Sole proprietorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sole proprietorship - Essay Example John and Christine are looking forward to carry on their practice as tax agents.They have the sufficient capital required to carry on the business as tax agents.The business structures available to carry on business as tax agents are sole proprietorship, partnership, company and trust. However, before selecting any structure for this business, the relative advantages and disadvantages of each are needed to be considered. FINDINGS: SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP: An entity where the person opening the business constitutes without any contract with others or incorporation of the entity. The person is solely responsible for all the debts and liabilities of the business. Advantages: It is the cheapest and easiest business structure. Sole proprietorship is under complete control of the person organizing it. Sole proprietor may retain and reinvest all the incomes of the business on its own motion. The payment of tax is easy and may flow directly to the tax return of the sole proprietor. The business may be dissolved easily. Disadvantages: The liability of sole proprietors is unlimited. So, the businesses as well as the personal assets of the sole proprietor are at risk. There are very limited sources available for the raising of funds as opposed to companies where fund raising is very high. PARTNERSHIP: An association/relationship of two or more persons to carry on a business for the purpose of earning profits is known as partnership. (Revised UPA, Section 101) Advantages: Partnerships are easier to establish as compared to companies. The two or more partners may increase funds more easily as compared to sole proprietorship. They may also have increased borrowing capacity. The pool of skills, knowledge and expertise is made wider due to the combination of more than one person. Partnerships also allow brainstorming which is more creative than the brainstorming carried out by sole proprietor. Disadvantages: Partners are liable for the actions of other partners as they act as agen ts for one another. The decisions between all partners are shared and this may cause disagreements which is the most drastic situation for a partnership. The liability of all the partners is unlimited.. However, this limitation may be overcome by constituting limited partnership. In limited partnership, the investments of the partners are liable for the debts of the firm and the partners’ personal assets are not liable. COMPANY: A company is a separate legal entity from its owners. So, the shareholders and members of the company are liable for the debts of the company only to the extent of their share/ interest in the company. The company which offers its shares to the general public for subscription is known as public company. The company which does not offer its shares to general public is known as private company. Advantages: The liability of the shareholders and/or members of the company are restricted to the value of shares purchased by him. The company is a separate leg al entity i.e. separate from its members. Therefore, any suit against the company does not involve the members personally as opposed to partnerships where the partners are personally got involved in the suits. In private limited companies, the shareholders and directors of the company are usually same person keeping the ownership and management of the company in same hands. Disadvantages: The formation of company is costly as compared to partnerships and may require large amount of capital initially. Whereas, partnership and sole proprietorship does not require any such large amounts. The accounts of companies are complex in nature. Moreover, the statutory regulations and the company law of the country require the companies to follow the regulations regarding bookkeeping and certain types of accounts. The raising of funds and capital by the companies is also restricted to the authorized capital of the company. Moreover, in case of a private company, the increasing of capital is also usually restricted by the provisions of the company law of

An assessment of the theoretical, methodological, and empirical Essay

An assessment of the theoretical, methodological, and empirical contribution of {your psychologist} to psychology and to society as a whole - Essay Example Carl Rogers is an American psychologist who became one of the founders of humanistic, client-centered (or later named person-centered), approach in practical and theoretical psychology. The scientist was born on January 8, 1902 in Oak Park, IL - a suburb of Chicago. He was the forth of the six children of a devout Christian housewife and a successful civil engineer. Carl was such a clever child that he already could read before going to the kindergarten. Since he learned to read in the early years he started his education from the second grade. At the age of 12 the family moved to a farm near Chicago where he had enough freedom to become a rather independent, isolated and self disciplined person. There a future therapist was brought up in a strict manner with a great number of chores, and according to the strict philosophy of his mother – a devout Christian. Such a life made Carl a somewhat isolated and independent introvert. Living on a farm leaved a mark on his first career choice. So he entered the University of Wisconsin Madison in order to major in agriculture. Later he switched to history, and finally religion to study for the ministry. During that time Rogers was among those selected 10 students who were to go to China for the World Christian Federation Conference for the term of six months. Being there he broadened his thinking so much that having returned home he started to doubt some basic religious views together with his own religious convictions. After graduation against his parents wishes Rogers got married with Helen Suiet. After the wedding a just married couple moved to New York City. There Carl attended the most liberal religious institution - the Union Theological Seminary. Though he was successful at this career, Carl once again decided to change the profession because the experiences he got while studying radically influenced and even changed his religious views.

Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt Essay Example for Free

Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt Essay Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a socio-religious practice that is very prevalent in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. It entails the partial or total removal of the female external genitalia for cultural or any other non-therapeutic purpose. As of 1999, at least 130 million girls and women were believed to have undergone FGM. In the same year, it was estimated that about 2 million girls are at risk of being subjected to some form of the procedure every year (WHO 3). FGM is criticized mainly for its detrimental effects on a woman’s physical and psychological health. Girls and women who had been subjected to FGM may die of hemorrhage, shock, urinary tract infections or tetanus (WHO 21). They may likewise experience psychological disorders such as severe depression, anxiety and psychosomatic illnesses (Markle, Fisher and Smego 79). Advocates of FGM, however, claim that Islam requires the practice in order to preserve a woman’s chastity (WHO 6). The actual origins of FGM are very obscure – ethnologists and historians have come up with different theories regarding the existence of the practice. While FGM is commonly associated with Islam, historical evidence shows that the former has predated the latter by at least 1,200 years. The procedure was believed to have been first discussed by the Greek historian Herodotus (484 – 425 BC) (Bullough and Bullough 205). According to his writings, the Ethiopians, the Hittites and the Phoenicians during the 5th century BC were already practicing FGM (UNFPA n. pag. ). The early Romans, the Egyptians and the Arabs likewise performed FGM – there are historical accounts of Egyptian mummies exhibited signs of having undergone the procedure (UNFPA n. pag. ). For the ancient Egyptians, FGM was regarded as a sign of distinction among the aristocracy (Momoh 5). In Western Europe and the United States, FGM was known as clitoridectomy. Until the 1950s, doctors in these regions used clitoridectomy to treat â€Å"ailments† in women such as hysteria, mental disorders, nymphomania, masturbation and lesbianism (UNFPA n. pag. ). FGM is usually done on girls between 8 to 10 years old. Reproductive health experts, however, point out that the procedure is already being carried out on younger girls – there have been cases wherein infant girls were subjected to FGM just a few days after their birth (WHO 147). FGM is classified into four general types: a. Type I – Excision of the prepuce, with or without excision of part or the entire clitoris. b. Type II – Excision of the clitoris with partial or total excision of the labia minora. c. Type III – Excision of part or the entire external genitalia and the stitching or narrowing of the vaginal opening (infibulation) (Momoh 6). d. Type IV – Pricking, piercing or incising of the clitoris and or the labia; scraping of tissue surrounding the vaginal orifice; cutting of the vagina and or the introduction of corrosive substances or herbs into the vagina to induce bleeding or to tighten the opening (UNFPA n. pag. ). FGM is usually performed by traditional midwifes or village barbers. They use unsterilized instruments such as razor blades, knives, broken glass, scissors or sharpened stones. Furthermore, they conduct procedures without anesthetic in unhygienic settings (WHO, 148). A new phenomenon, however, has emerged in the recent years – the â€Å"medicalization† of FGM. Despite laws banning the practice of FGM, hospitals in Egypt, Kenya and Sudan now clandestinely perform the procedure. Under the pretext of an illness, female teenagers in these countries are circumcised in the hospital either early in the morning or late at night. The procedure is done during these hours in order to evade detection and arrest. The punishment for performing FGM is relatively stiff – a $625 fine or incarceration for up to a year. But doctors willingly look the other way for the money – medical practitioners in Kenya, for instance, are paid between $37 and $125 for every procedure they perform. Traditional practitioners, in sharp contrast, could charge only as much as $25 (Nzwili n. pag. ). Egypt’s current problem with FGM can be traced back to the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in 1994. The ICPD was held in Cairo – supposedly a turning point in the understanding of health, development and women’s rights in the Islamic world. Critics, however, pointed out that the Cairo Program of Action merely â€Å"forwarded a holistic vision of the connections between sexual ad reproductive health and women’s economic autonomy, social and political equality, access to education and freedom from violence† (Chavkin and Chesler 35). The issues regarding the right of women to control their sexuality and the relevance of this right to achieving health and social justice were inadequately discussed (Chavkin and Chesler 35). Despite this shortcoming, the ICPD managed to transform the issue of FGM from a relatively low-profile subject into matter of national debate. Conservative religious leaders who participated in the conference and their allies in the Egyptian press expressed their approval of FGM by claiming that it is an important part of national and religious identity. Progressive women’s groups, on the other hand, argued that the practice perpetuated the inferior status of women in Egyptian society. In the process, this dispute on FGM showed that the topic of women’s rights is simply a means for Egyptian politicians to attain popularity among the electorate (Chavkin and Chesler 35). Eager to make a good impression on all the foreign delegates of the ICPD, particularly on those from the West, the Egyptian minister of health stated that FGM was already a dying practice in Egypt. But on the very next day, CNN reported about the circumcision of a young girl that took place somewhere in Cairo (Chavkin and Chesler 35). The minister, in an act of political face-saving, declared that the Egyptian government was determined to confront and put an end to the practice. In order to appease Egypt’s conservative sector, meanwhile, he signed an ambivalent decree which allowed only public medical facilities to perform FGM. The law even included provisions which set standard fees and special days when families could book appointments (Chavkin and Chesler 36). The aforementioned aftermath of the ICPD showed the greatest obstacle towards fully implementing anti-FGM policies and programs not just in Egypt but in all other countries that practice FGM – the reconciliation of universal imperatives of human rights with the values of local cultures. The same dilemma also hounded other FGM-related fatalities, particularly the death of four-year-old Egyptian girl Amira Hassan. She died in 1996 due to anesthesia-related complications while undergoing FGM. Instead of pressing charges against the doctor, Ezzat Shehat, Hassan’s parents simply dismissed her demise as â€Å"a will of God† (HURINet n. pag. ). They believed that subjecting their daughter to FGM was their duty as good Muslims (HURINet n. pag. ). Most Egyptians continue to believe in the said relationship between FGM and Islam. A 2005 UNICEF report on the practice revealed that about 97% of women between 15 and 49 years old were subjected to circumcision (Reuters-AlertNet n. pag. ). Despite a 2008 law which renders FGM punishable by three months to two years in prison and a fine of LE 1,000 to LE 5,000, the practice continues to be secretly carried out in Egypt. According to the country’s conservative and religious groups, FGM is necessary to maintain a woman’s chastity (Samaan n. pag. ). Indeed, cultural and religious beliefs are also major factors behind the issue of FGM in Egypt. The practice has already existed long before the advent of Islam. And for a good reason – patriarchy was already in existence even before the emergence of religion. For a patriarchal society to survive, female sexuality must be limited and controlled (Turshen 146). FGM is regarded as one of the most effective means of controlling a woman’s sexuality. The clitoris, the labia minora and the labia majora – the organs removed in FGM – enable a woman to enjoy sexual intercourse. In a patriarchal society, women are not supposed to experience the pleasures of sex. They are supposed to be sexless beings, faithfully serving their respective families and engaging in sex only for the purpose of procreation. Women who do otherwise are considered promiscuous (Turshen 146). It is therefore believed that circumcised women are less likely to be unchaste and commit adultery. In addition, FGM is viewed as a means of emphasizing femininity. When a woman is circumcised, the parts of her body that are metaphorically seen as male, such as the pubic hair and the clitoris, are removed. During ancient times, it was believed that the clitoris â€Å"would grow and protrude like the (penis)† (Turshen 150). Men, on the other hand, undergo circumcision in order to enhance their sexuality. Male circumcision entails the cutting of the foreskin of the penis. A circumcised penis is believed to be more responsive to sexual arousal than an uncircumcised one; thus the ancient belief that circumcision is necessary for virility. Furthermore, a circumcised penis is easier to keep clean. Circumcision eliminates the formation of smegma, a combination of oil, moisture and dead skin cells which serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse (Turshen 146). Islam does not directly state that all Muslims must be circumcised regardless of gender. However, much of the existing Islamic literature today emphasizes a special link between Islam and FGM (Turshen 151). The most well-known hadith (oral traditions that record the Prophet Muhammad’s speech and actions) about FGM tells of a debate between Muhammad and Um Atiyyah, a woman who used to circumcise female slaves. Muhammad was said to have asked Um Atiyyah if she continued to practice her profession (Denniston, Hodges and Milos 148). She said she did, adding that she would not stop doing so â€Å"unless it is forbidden and you order me to stop doing it† (Denniston, Hodges and Milos 148). He then replied, â€Å"Yes, it is allowed. Come closer so I can teach you: if you cut, do not overdo it (la tanhiki), because it brings more radiance to the face (ashraq) and it is more pleasant (ahza) for the husband† (Denniston, Hodges and Milos 148). Since the first centuries of Islam, however, Muslim scholars have been scrutinizing the authenticity of the hadiths. They believe that majority of the hadiths were â€Å"contradictory and (contained) affirmations that gave a bad impression of the Islamic religion† (Denniston, Hodges and Milos 148). In lieu of the hadiths, Muslim scholars came up with their own explanations behind the association of FGM with Islam. The first theory was that FGM was a means of saving women from the degradation that they experienced in the pre-Islamic era. For the Muslims, the pre-Islamic era was the â€Å"Age of Ignorance† – a period of corruption, bloodshed, moral turpitude and social chaos (Akhtar 23). Women in the pre-Islamic era had few rights. The practice of burying infant females in the sand was very rampant. Those who managed to live to adulthood, meanwhile, had no other means of survival except through prostitution (Akhtar 23). It has been mentioned earlier that the organs removed in FGM – the clitoris, the labia minora and the labia majora – enable a woman to enjoy sexual intercourse. By removing these organs, therefore, it was expected that women would no longer take pleasure in sexual intercourse and abandon prostitution in the process. The second theory is that some Islamic societies might have acquired the practice of FGM from other cultures or religions. During Muhammad’s time, the Jews were considered as the elite of Arab society. Consequently, it became inevitable that Islam was influenced by Jewish doctrines and practices such as circumcision (Denniston, Hodges and Milos 148). But this begs the question of how come even Muslim females are circumcised – the Jews circumcise only males. The answer is that Islam might have tailored certain Jewish doctrines and practices to suit its own objectives. One of the objectives of Islam was to uplift the status of women (Akhtar 23). In order to achieve this goal, Islam put its own flavor to the Jewish practice of circumcision. As a result, even Muslim women were required to undergo circumcision. Despite varying explanations regarding the origins and purposes of FGM, one thing is certain – it is not without detrimental physical and psychological effects. The most immediate negative effects of FGM are severe pain and hemorrhage, which, in turn, can result in hypovolaemic shock and death. Other direct effects include abscesses, wound contamination and local infections – obvious results of performing the procedure in unhygienic surroundings using unsterilized tools (WHO 149). FGM also has substantial long-term risks. The practice usually obstructs the drainage of urine, vaginal secretions and menstrual blood. This occurrence, in turn, results in chronic pelvic infections, menstrual dysfunction and menstrual pain. Urinary retention, meanwhile, leads to chronic urinary tract infection and renal damage. When menstrual blood is unable to flow out of the body, abdominal pain and swelling ensue (WHO 149). The abdominal distention that circumcised women experience due to the lack of menstrual flow has been misinterpreted as a pregnancy. As a result, some circumcised but unmarried women have been subjected to honor killings – killed by their male relatives in order to preserve the honor of their clan. FGM also exposes a woman to the risk of contracting HIV. Unsterilized instruments may transmit HIV-infected blood into an HIV-negative patient (WHO 149). Women who underwent FGM may also experience difficulties in sexual intercourse after the procedure. Penetration may either be painful or impossible due to a narrow introitus. Prolonged postcoital bleeding and anorgasmia may likewise take place. In some cases, surgery was necessary to open up the vagina for penetration (WHO 150). FGM may render a woman infertile. Chronic pelvic infections often lead to the obstruction of the fallopian tubes. The latter is one of the most common causes of ectopic pregnancy, which can lead to the death of both the mother and the baby. Narrowing of the introitus, meanwhile, may force a couple to use the anus or the urethra for sexual intercourse. Fluctuating hormones during pregnancy put circumcised women at more risk for genital and urinary tract infections than their uncircumcised counterparts (WHO 150). The most common psychological disorders among circumcised women are depression and anxiety – they have to conform to parental and societal expectations while dealing with pain, complicated recovery and other long-term health effects. Painful sexual intercourse may result in them having immensely traumatic memories of their wedding night. Circumcised women also have to live each day in fear – they constantly view each cyst that grows in them as a possible symptom of cancer or other serious ailment (WHO 152). When the physical pain becomes too much for them to endure, they might resort to suicide. Female genital mutilation is one of the worst forms of violence that can be inflicted on a woman. In an effort to tie her to the home, she is horribly mutilated and made to live in constant pain for the rest of her life. A circumcised woman is also made to live in fear. She is constantly warned by society that to avoid circumcision is to face ostracism and even condemnation. Much still has to be done before FGM will finally be abolished. But the first step remains to be education. Societies must be made aware of the importance of educating girls. Numerous studies have already proven that girls who have attained basic education are healthier and are less likely to die in childbirth than those who did not. When the members of a particular society – both male and female – are healthy, this society becomes productive. Works Cited Akhtar, Shabbir. The Quran and the Secular Mind: A Philosophy of Islam. New York: Routledge, 2007. Bullough, Vern L. , and Bonnie Bullough. Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia. New York: Taylor and Francis, 1994. Chavkin, Wendy, and Ellen Chesler. Where Human Rights Begin: Health, Sexuality and Women in the New Millennium. Chapel Hill: Rutgers University Press, 2005. Denniston, George C. , Frederick Mansfield Hodges and Marilyn Fayre Milos. Male and Female Circumcision: Medical, Legal and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice. New York: Springer, 1999. â€Å"Egyptians Stand by Female Circumcision. † 10 December 1996. The Human Rights Information Network (HURINet). 27 February 2009 http://www. hartford-hwp. com/archives/32/018. html. â€Å"Egypt Mufti Says Female Circumcision Forbidden. † 24 June 2007. Reuters-AlertNet. 27 February 2009 http://www. alertnet. org/thenews/newsdesk/L24694871. htm. Markle, William H. , Melanie A. Fisher and Raymond A. Smego. Understanding Global Health. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2007. Momoh, Comfort. Female Genital Mutilation. Abingdon: Radcliffe Publishing, 2005. Nzwili, Fredrick. â€Å"In Africa, FGM Checks into Hospitals. † 5 December 2004. Women’s ENews. 27 February 2009 http://www. womensenews. org/article. cfm/dyn/aid/2097/. â€Å"Promoting Gender Equality: Frequently Asked Questions on Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting. † n. d. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). 27 February 2009 http://www. unfpa. org/gender/practices2. htm. Samaan, Magdy. â€Å"Shoura Council Passes Child Law, Criminalizes FGM. † 12 May 2008. Daily News Egypt. 27 February 2009 http://www. dailystaregypt. com/article. aspx? ArticleID=13659. Turshen, Meredeth. African Women’s Health. Trenton: Africa Word Press, 2000. World Health Organization (WHO). 1999. Female Genital Mutilation Programmes to Date: What Works and What Doesn’t. Geneva, Switzerland: Department of Women’s Health – Health Systems and Community Health. World Health Organization (WHO). Mental Health Aspects of Womens Reproductive Health: A Global Review of the Literature. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.

The Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692 Essay examples -- The Crucible Art

The Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692 The Salem witchcraft trials of 1692, which resulted in 19 executions, and 150 accusations of witchcraft, are one of the historical events almost everyone has heard of. They began when three young girls, Betty Parris, Abigail Williams and Ann Putnam began to have hysterical fits, after being discovered engaging in forbidden fortune-telling (not dancing naked in the woods) to learn what sorts of men they would marry. Betty's father, the Reverend Samuel Parris, called in more senior authorities to determine if the girls' affliction was caused by witchcraft. Although Betty was sent away fairly soon, and did not participate in the trials, the other girls were joined by other young and mature women in staging public demonstrations of their affliction when in the presence of accused "witches." The events in Salem have been used as a theme in many literary works, including the play by Arthur Miller which we are going to read during this unit. They are interesting to anthropologists because they display some of the characteristics of "village" witchcraft and some of the features of the European witch craze. Many commentators have seen the Salem witch craze as the last outbreak of the European witch craze, transported to North America. As in African and New Guinea villages, the original accusations in Salem were made against people who, in one way or another, the accusers had reason to fear or resent. Moreover, the first few of the accused fit the definition of "marginal" persons, likely to arouse suspicion. However, as in Europe, the accusations spread, and came to encompass people not involved in any of Salem's local grudges. As in Europe there was a belief that the accused were in league with the Devil and "experts" employed "scientific" ways of diagnosing witchcraft. Interestingly, during the colonial period in Africa, shortly after World War II, there were a number of witch finding movements in Africa, which resembled the Salem episode in some ways, and had a similar status "in between" the sort of witch hunt found in Europe and the typical African pattern. Typically, in these movements, "witch finders" would come in from outside a village and claim to be able to rid the village of witchcraft. At this period there was great dislocation, with people moving around because of government employment, a... ...er trusted them. This was likely to be a more acute problem in the U.S., since the people who were named by those who cooperated with the Committee weren't hanged and put out of the way, just fired and left to try to lead the resistance to McCarthyism. Namers of names sometimes found themselves with no friends at all, since anti-Communists often still failed to trust them. The issue of resisting collaboration with the witch hunters was important enough to Miller that he altered history, and portrayed the trials as stopping when more people refused to confess when, in fact, a significant increase in confessions probably served to cast some doubt on the validity of individual confessions. Taking liberties with the text is one of the characteristics of the interaction between humans and their myths. And a charter myth is certainly what the witch hunts in Europe and Salem have become, though they have more basis in fact than most myths. The stories of the witch hunts are charter myths for our time, to be told by feminists, left-wing intellectuals, and lawyers for President Clinton, each taking what he or she needs from the story, adding or subtracting as seems fit.

Competition in the Golf Industry

An Analysis of â€Å"Competition in the Golf Industry† It is unknown when the game of golf originated, but it is believed that people began playing in Europe during the middle ages. In the United States, golf was a sport primarily played by the wealthy individuals until tournaments began being televised. Since then, golf has grown to be a very lucrative industry with over 27 million golfers nationwide by the end of the 1990’s. â€Å"Competition in the Golf Equipment Industry,† a case study written by John E. Gamble of the University of South Alabama, is an overview of the problems currently facing major companies in the golf equipment industry: technological limitations (due to golf’s governing organizations), a decline in the number of golfers, and the economic recession, and the threat of counterfeit products. These limitations are causing leading competitors in the golf industry, namely Calloway Golf, to rethink their strategies in 2010. PLAC Analysis for Calloway Golf Ely Reeves Calloway Jr. , Calloway’s original owner, CEO and President, bought a manufacturing company of hickory shaft wedges and putters in 1983. Calloway, originally restricted to reproducing antique golf clubs, has extended its product breadth across the golf equipment industry. Calloway Golf now encompasses drivers (with the introduction of Big Bertha), putters (with the acquisition of Odyssey), irons (designed to compete against Titleist), golf balls (with the acquisition of Top-Flite), footwear and clothes branding, and GPS units (with the acquisition of UPlay). See Timeline in Appendix 1. Calloway has differentiated itself from its competitors by its innovation, beginning with the success of their driver, Big Bertha, which initiated the technology race among firms. Calloway and its’ competitors introduce more innovative products every 12-18 months to remain competitive. Furthermore, Calloway has acquired several firms since its origination in 1983 in order to expand its product breadth. Although in 2009, Calloway Golf Company was the â€Å"second largest seller of drivers and fairway woods,† revenues have declined by 17% in 2009 compared to the first six months of 2008. Challenges facing this firm will be assessed in the SWOT analysis. SWOT Analysis for the golf industry, Calloway Golf & Recommendations See Appendix 2 for Matrix Strengths: Calloway’s technological innovation in making a driver that pushed the limits of USGA standards shows motivation to become the best. Marketing to recreational golfers in an attempt to help them enjoy the game more by offering an opportunity to drive 6-10 yards further was a benchmark and pushed Calloway’s product to the best golf product of the century by a two-to-one margin. Calloway’s recognizable name also gives them a competitive edge. Weaknesses: Although these technological advances may have boosted sales, there is still little evidence that these advances help golfers lower their scores. Another weakness of the industry is sustainability. With the development of new products every 12-18 months, it is crucial that companies market their products and have strong sales shortly after introduction. Also, a weakness with Calloway’s golf balls was their brand image with the acquisition of Top-Flite golf balls, which quickly coined the game â€Å"Rock-Flight. † Opportunities: Although sales have declined 5. 7% during 2008, continued marketing efforts and remaining a household name could prove beneficial to all firms after the recession has subsided. Due to the recession, discretionary spending has declined and savings has risen, but this could quickly change after a turn in the economy. Furthermore, Calloway has recently cut their endorsements of PGA professionals to only encompass 10 men’s PGA professionals and 5 women. If they expanded these numbers, it would give them more brand exposure and possibly higher revenues since many recreational golfers base their decisions on the type of equipment successful, professional golfers are using. Threats: There are a number of threats affecting the golf industry as a whole: effects of technological limitations by USGA, a decline in the number of golfers due to the economy and lack of leisure time, and the rise of counterfeiting. The state of the current economy paired with the decline in the number of golfers, has caused companies to focus more on price and volume. Counterfeiting is largely attributable to the decisions by executives to outsource for cheaper labor to manufacturers in China; who can produce a golf club for less than $3 per club. Recommendations Companies currently operating within the golf industry, specifically Calloway Golf, must change their current marketing approaches and strategies to withstand the recession and threats facing the industry. Although Calloway has a strong R&D department that tends to remain competitive with products and technology, there have been little results in reference to scores. It is imperative that if companies are going to market a product that will help golfers drive further and straighter that the results depict this so that not to damage the brand name of a product. Secondly, due to the decline in equipment sales and the number of golfers, prices are dropping and companies are outsourcing to maintain the volume needed to remain competitive. Companies must be cautious and aware so that counterfeiting may be reduced. This reduction would also allow companies to reduce their pricing and have more sales without the competition of these cheaply priced knock-offs. In the instance of Calloway, an increase in marketing and endorsements would boost their sales due to brand recognition. Calloway has recently fallen to second place in the amount of sales of drivers. In aiding in cutting down on counterfeiting, lowering prices, and increasing marketing and endorsements, Calloway may have the opportunity to reposition themselves as number one in the marketplace. Appendix 1 Calloway Timeline 1983- Ely Reeves Calloway, Jr. purchased a 50% interest in a Temecula, California manufacturer and marketer of hickory shafted wedges and putters for $400,000. 1985-Ely Reeves Calloway, Jr. , hired aerospace and metallurgical engineers to design the most technologically advanced golf clubs. 1991- Introduction of Big Bertha 1996- Acquisition of Odyssey (leading brand of putters)

The Presentation Of Stress, Grief, And Death Essay

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